| Friday, March 30, 2007 |
| Homeschooling While You Shop ? |
by Ura Kondo Rinaldi
Yes, It can be done! We are all busy juggling multiple tasks at once, and it does not get any easier when you are homeschooling. Here is an idea to get your children to help out with a chore and provide them with a learning opportunity at the same time.
Before going to the grocery store, ask your children to help you with a shopping list. You can go around the house - the fridge, pantry, and the bathroom cabinet, etc.- and categorise the list. You can also go through the flyer and see what's on sale and check on the price differences from one store to the another. (You can also discuss distribution channel and marketing for older kids.) Bring a calculator (if your kids prefer doing math that way) for your shopping trip.
Once you are at the grocery store, let the children do the shopping while you supervise. Show them how to select items based on the quality and/or price. While you are comparing the price, do a quick math lesson, or if you buy multiple of one item, what the total price differences would be. In the produce section, discuss where fruits and vegetables are from, and why you find thing from that particular climate. You can also talk about environment and organic produce. Have children weight vegitables and ask them how much a pound and a half of grapes would be.
In the meat and seafood section, discuss where they come from, how they keep them fresh, and what would happen if they are not kept cold. Many seafood items are imported, so you may discuss geography. If you are cooking a roast that day, you may have the children use the meat themometer and determine how cooked it is, and if it is safe to eat.
While you are in line at the check out counter, take out your coupons and ask them how much you can save if you use the double coupons. If you buy 3 Klenex tissue boxes on sale for $3, and have $.75 off coupon, how much would each box costs? How about if you get "buy one get one free" can of soup for $2.50 and have $.50 off coupon?
Don't forget to recycle those soda cans and talk about aluminum, recycling, and environment! On the way home, talk about how much gas you used for what distance, and how you can save money and environment by reducing the number of trips you take each month. Why is the gas so expensive? Where does the oil come from? How about the new hybrid cars? If the kids are done talking, you can listen to a CD and complete you day with a music lesson!
About The Author Ura Kondo Rinaldi, M.A. is a mother of two and a contributing author for http://www.Zeroprep.com, a fast growing resource for homeschoolers with artticles, revews, tips and fun ideas to help make your daily planning easier. She is also a business consultant for BBI, http://www.bbiworld.com and advises clients to develop their business with creative and unique approaches. This article may be freely distributed, provided that it is not edited or altered in any way. All links must remain active and this notice must also be included. Copyright 2006 Ura Kondo Rinaldi, M.A. - contact ura@zeroprep.com for more information. ura@zeroprep.com |
posted by All About Home @ 4:15 AM   |
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| Wednesday, March 28, 2007 |
| Homeschool Your Child Using Themed Based Curriculum |
by L. D. Mairet
Themes are a fun way to homeschool your child. A theme can be created from any topic that your child is interested in. A theme is simply a base topic from which you can teach from in your lesson plans. A few examples of themes are apples, bats, zoo, space, fun in the sun, or even Dr. Seuss. You can choose just about any topic that you would like for your theme. Using themes will make your lesson plans more creative, fun and interesting.
Themes usually have a time frame from which they are based around. Themes can last from one week all the way to one month depending on how in depth you want to approach your theme. I would suggest using a theme no longer than two weeks with your homeschool child. Incorporating themes into your homeschool lesson plans is really quite simple and you and your child will both enjoy the fun that comes with creating a theme based lesson plan.
Themes do not have to be incorporated into every teaching objective for the week. You can be selective and use themed based curriculum once or twice a day, throughout your homeschool lesson plans. Get your child involved into your lesson planning process. Have your child help choose themes that are interesting to him. When children are actively involved in the lesson planning process and given choices they are more eager to learn. I suggest getting your child involved in all aspects of lesson plan preparation to keep their interests.
Let's take the theme apples as an example of using themes in your lesson plans. In science, you can dissect an apple and look at the apple seeds or you could discuss how apples grow. In math, you could disect an apple into halves and fourths. In social studies, you could learn about Johnny Appleseed. In language arts, you can read many books related to apples and even write your own apple related paragraph. During art, you can make apple prints using cut up apples with paints. In P.E., you can have an apple toss, jump over apples, or even bobbing with apples. For music time, you can find many songs related to apples to sing with your child. Make homemade applesauce, apple muffins, or apple butter for your cooking class. You can make interactive bulletin boards using apple projects that your child creates.
The most important factor in using a themed based curriculum with your child is to integrate the themes into your childs objectives that need to met for the school year. A nice blend of themes into your curriculum base objectives can be both fun and rewarding for your child. Make learning fun and interesting by incorporating theme based curriculum into your lesson plans.
About The Author L. D. Mairet is a mother of four, former teacher with a triple major in education, and a previous educational preschool owner. You can swap and share lesson plans at her sight http://www.topchoicesite.com/free-homeschool-primary-lesson-plans-and-resource-sharing-center-html Labels: homeschooling curriculum |
posted by All About Home @ 3:48 AM   |
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| Tuesday, March 27, 2007 |
| Parents See Benefits in Virtual Schools |
By MERANDA WATLING mwatling@journalandcourier.com
Peggy Edmundson worries about what her son, Tre, is learning in first grade at Vinton Elementary School.
It's not the lessons in the classroom that concern her. It's what he might pick up from the other kids.
That's why she's looking into a virtual charter school for next year.
"I would have more control over his interaction with other kids, the stuff outside the classroom," Edmundson said.
Edmundson is one of the hundreds of parents that two new virtual charter schools are attracting from across the state.
In February, Ball State University awarded charters for the first time to two virtual schools, which will open this fall.
The new option has raised eyebrows since 2005, when virtual schools were written into the Indiana charter school law. But for some parents, the option seems like it could be the solution to their situation.
The virtual schools are held to the same criteria as other public schools. They must meet Indiana standards for curriculum and their students must take and pass the ISTEP, said Rhonda Eby, board president of Muncie-based Indiana Connections Academy. Students also must attend school 180 days.
"It's public school in every sense of the definition," Eby said. "It's just not in a building."
The schools will receive state funding for each student enrolled, and students do not pay tuition to attend.
Ron Brumbarger, CEO of Indianapolis-based Indiana Virtual Charter School, said because of that lack of building, some people don't see the need for funding the schools the same as a traditional "brick and mortar" school.
But he said the schools provide students with computers and subsidies for the Internet. Students also receive printed textbooks, workbooks, science lab supplies and more mailed to their homes.
Brumbarger said these costs, coupled with the salaries for certified teachers, add up.
"This is not free," he said. "It's not anything close to free."
Common misconceptions
Some people have visions of kids sitting at a computer six hours a day taking classes without interacting with teachers or peers, but that is not reality, Brumbarger said.
"It's a fallacy that kids spend 100 percent of their time on the computer; it's not so," he said.
For Connections Academy, high school students spend the most time online, and even they max out around 50 percent.
The elementary students in both programs spend about 10 percent to 15 percent of their time at the computer.
Eby's own fifth-grade daughter has been testing the Connections Academy system this school year.
"My daughter receives her lesson through the learning management system online," Eby said. "It's pretty straightforward, or there's a teacher available."
Children also partake in science experiments, read from printed textbooks and even go on field trips with others enrolled in the school, Eby said.
Who is it right for
Another misconception, Eby and Brumbarger cited, is that this is homeschooling or only for homeschooled students.
Brumbarger said the school accepts all students and works for gifted students or students who may have a learning disability.
"There are students out there that, for whatever reason, the traditional classroom is not for them ...," Brumbarger said. "Both ends of the spectrum will find this benefits them."
Being able to work on an individualized plan is one of the main reasons Pam Hurless of Lafayette said she was attracted to the idea.
"It's individualized," Hurless said. "If he needs to repeat something, he can repeat something. That's not the case in a classroom. He can't. They have to move on."
Currently, Hurless is homeschooling her eighth-grade son, Nathan. She likes the idea of being a coach for him without having to come up with lesson plans and curriculum on her own.
Edmundson, who works full-time, said that time commitment is a concern. She had considered homeschooling as an option for her son, but having the lessons created already makes it more manageable.
But in the end, it boils down to wanting her son to get the most out of his education.
"With the distractions and stuff (in the classroom)," Edmundson said. "I got to thinking, we could probably do twice as much work in half the time on our own."
from http://www.jconline.com
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posted by All About Home @ 8:14 PM   |
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| Monday, March 26, 2007 |
| Homeschooling Focuses On Relationships |
by Brooke Romney Special for The Republic
from http://www.azcentral.com
When Lisa Crews wakes up on Monday morning, she not only has to be ready to be mom, but a teacher to her two older girls, Faith, 10 and Mercy 8.
For many moms, that's good enough reason to put the pillow over your head and go back to bed, but not for Crews-she loves homeschooling her children.
That's not to say that it's easy, said the Chandler woman. The earliest years are the hardest. advertisement.
"If you want to homeschool your children, the toddler years are difficult, but essential," she said. "You have to establish yourself as an authority figure if you want to be their teacher later on. Without good parenting skills, homeschooling would be impossible."
So why do it? Crews wanted to homeschool her children to give them a more holistic approach to education, emphasizing relationships and real life skills as much as academics.
"I also prefer older models or education with more rigor and less simplified and compartmentalized materials, like textbooks," she said.
Some charter schools offer this type of education, but for Crews the most important thing homeschool does is cement family relationships.
"I choose to homeschool because I want to maintain family relationships in a way that cannot be done if my child is in school six-plus hours a day," she said. "Since we are interacting with each other all day long, it forces us to deal with relationship issues when they come up. We enjoy being around our children and they enjoy being around us."
The closeness of the family does come at some monetary expense.
Although the average homeschooling family spends less than $1,000 a year on the actual schooling, most live on one income, have only one source of medical insurance, and usually enroll their children in private music or sports lessons and other outside activities. Most families spend more on books for their personal library and some may need to hire tutors for certain subjects or for advanced students.
Keeping up with her children academically doesn't worry Crews.
"If I am rusty or my kids seem to be excelling beyond what I am capable of teaching, there are all kinds of teaching aids from DVDs to books and computer games that assist parents," Crews said.
If this is not enough Crews can have her husband or relative teach a specific subject, hire a tutor, or join a cooperative.
For homeshooling support, Crews reads books, (a favorite is I Saw the Angel in the Marble), subscribes to an e-mail list (HERO), and talks to other homeshoolers who share her views.
Though Crews loves homeschooling for her family, she readily admits that it is not for everyone.
"It requires the willingness to live on one income, carefully balance nurture and discipline consistently in your children, have a loving but authoritative relationship with them, have the self-discipline to plan, learn, research and tailor an education for each child, and possess serious household management skills," she said.
If you are not quite willing to do all this, Crews suggests finding an educational option that meets your needs. "Arizona is a state with more choices than most," she said. "God bless our great legislature!" |
posted by All About Home @ 3:42 AM   |
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| Friday, March 23, 2007 |
| Homeschooling Conference Set |
Kalihi Union Church will host the Christian Homeschoolers of Hawai'i Conference tomorrow and Saturday.
Parents who are homeschooling or thinking about homeschooling their children can find educational materials, informational workshops and talk to experts at the conference. Registration is $55, or $65 for two.
The event runs from noon to 9 p.m. tomorrow, and from 9 a.m. to 5 p.m. on Saturday. Parking is limited.
For more information and a registration form, go to www.christianhomeschoolersofhawaii.org.
MOLOKA'I SCHOOL, TEACHER HONORED
A small elementary school on Moloka'i and one of its teachers have won a top award from the Moanalua Gardens Foundation for their work on an environmental preservation and protection project.
All 98 students enrolled at Kilohana Elementary School in Kaunakakai in grades K through 6 spent a year investigating an erosion problem on Moloka'i.
Students in each grade level studied one aspect of the problem, and scientific inquiry-based lessons were integrated into the school's daily curriculum.
The school will receive a $500 cash award from the foundation and a commemorative koa plaque.
Shona Pineda, a fourth-grade teacher at the school, will be honored with a Po'okela award presented to her by Moanalua Gardens Foundation for excellence in her interaction with students and her approach to teaching.
UH CAREER DAY TARGETS ENGINEERS
The University of Hawai'i-Manoa College of Engineering will host its annual Spring Career Day from 1 to 4 p.m. tomorrow at Holmes Hall on the UH-Manoa campus.
The event provides an opportunity for students to learn more about full- and part-time career opportunities and internships at engineering firms, federal agencies and aerospace companies, as well as a chance to network with leading industry professionals.
More than 65 Mainland and local companies are expected to be in attendance at this year's career day, including Lockheed Martin, The Boeing Co. and Northrop Grumman Corp.
Participating state and national government agencies include the National Security Agency and the Federal Aviation Administration Airports District Office & Honolulu Control Facility.
For more information, or for companies interested in participating, contact Laura Shimabukuro, student services coordinator, UH-Manoa College of Engineering at (808) 956-2287 or laura@eng.hawaii.edu.
COMPUTERS GO TO PREP PROGRAM
Students enrolled in a college preparation program at Campbell High School in 'Ewa Beach received 13 computers and color printers donated by the University of Hawai'i Federal Credit Union.
"We firmly believe that a college education is necessary to compete in today's job market and that technology will continue to progress and play an even grater role in our future," said Ariel Chun, credit union chief executive officer. "We are happy and proud to make this worthy and necessary contribution; these new technological tools will generate interest for the students and prepare them further for a higher education," Chun said.
Campbell High Principal Gail Awakuni said the donated computers move the school closer to its goal of having a computer lab in each building on the campus.
from http://www.honoluluadvertiser.com |
posted by All About Home @ 7:43 AM   |
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| Thursday, March 22, 2007 |
| Home educators face increased scrutiny |
by Abbie Wightwick, Western Mail
PARENTS teaching their children at home in Wales may be monitored more closely amid concerns over standards, the Welsh Assembly has warned.
There are no reliable figures for the number of children being home educated as parents do not have to tell the authorities.
But a survey of all local education authorities in Wales by the Western Mail shows there are at least 711 children being taught at home.
Yesterday home educators said the true figure is far higher. Education Otherwise, a support and advice group for parents teaching their own children said there had been a 40% increase in membership in some areas of Wales.
Growing numbers of families from England are also crossing the border because the Welsh Assembly and some local education authorities here are more sympathetic, Dee Yeoman, a local Wales spokesperson for the group, said.
Under the Education Act 1996 parents have a legal right to teach their own children and do not have to follow the National Curriculum or be inspected.
This may change after consultation in England led some councils to suggest going into homes and asking children what they thought of their education, and more closely scrutinising how parents teach their children.
The proposal followed fears there that children may take legal action against local authorities under the Children Act in future if they believe their home education failed them.
The Welsh Assembly said it had no plans to speak to children but it may monitor home educators more carefully in future.
"We understand concerns about infringements on parents' basic rights to provide education to their own children," a spokesman said.
"We also share the view that many home educated children receive comprehensive and effective education and prosper well in university, college or work.
"However, we also need to be aware of the rights of children where parents are not providing suitable education.
"These may currently be very much in the minority but there is growing concern from local authorities that increasing numbers of parents will claim they are home educating their children to avoid prosecution for their children's non-attendance at school."
The WAG drew up new guidelines on home education at the end of last year in conjunction with local home educators. It promised to consult before planning or making any changes.
"We would make any necessary changes in full consultation with Welsh stakeholders and are certainly not wedded to any approaches taken by the Department for Education in England," the spokesman added.
Ms Yeoman, who teaches her seven-year-old daughter and five-year-old son at home in Welshpool with her husband David, said home educators in Wales trusted the Assembly Government to consult properly. She said it had a good track-record of talking to parents to draw up new guidelines.
"I think the WAG is more sympathetic than the DfES but the local education authorities vary," she said.
Ms Yeoman and other parents teaching their own children said it was hard to see how LEAs could be allowed to go into homes and quiz children about their education. "Does anyone ask children in schools how they feel about their education?" she said.
Kira Patefield-Smith, who moved to Powys from Herefordshire last year and educates her son Chap, five, at home in Cradoc near Brecon, said, "I understand there are cases of neglect and there need to be checks but LEAs should not be on the offensive.
"They also need to be more aware of the law. Not all the education officers we had contact with understood the law on home educating."
Teaching unions said they were aware more parents were opting to home educate.
But they said standards should be monitored more closely and warned that children could miss out on important social interaction.
"Home education is about individual choice," Geraint Davies from the NASUWT said.
"From my experience it is on the increase.
"There is so much schools contribute such as sports activities and eisteddfodau. Social interaction is as important as academic standard.
"There are parents who home teach who do make sure their children have opportunities to mix with others. It's important that the best possible standards are maintained at school and in home education."
Dr Philip Dixon, director of the union the Association of Teachers and Lecturers Cymru, said, "We do need to look at how we can better evaluate home education.
"Education is more than just learning from a book.
"In schools children are mingling with different people from different backgrounds and that's important."
from http://icwales.icnetwork.co.uk |
posted by All About Home @ 2:30 AM   |
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| Wednesday, March 21, 2007 |
| Homeschooler Takes Top Honors In Essay Contest |
LANSING — Nathaniel Stine, a home-schooled student from DeWitt, continued a family tradition of taking top honors in the Lansing Chapter Daughters of the American Revolution (DAR) Essay Contest for high school youth. His essay, "At Sea or at Home; Different Perspectives on the Voyage to the New World" won as the best essay for high school students in the greater Lansing area.
Nathaniel had the choice of writing about Columbus's first voyage to the New World from the perspective of Queen Isabella of Spain, an ordinary seaman on the voyage, or a shipboard rat. He chose to write from the perspective of "Scar the Rat".
In 2006, his twin brother, Peter, took the top honor in the Columbus Essay Contest, while younger brother, Andrew, won in the sixth grade division for an essay on Benjamin Franklin. Peter and Nathaniel tied in 2005 for ninth grade and in 2006 Peter and Andrew received "Honorable Mentions" on the state level.
Grades five and eight wrote on the settlement of Jamestown, in celebration of its 400th anniversary this year. The students were instructed to take on the persona of one of Jamestown's early settlers, and to write a letter home to family members in England. The letter was to tell about daily activities and hardships in the colony.
Bath Elementary fifth grader, Marisa Hilts, took first place in her grade level with a letter written to family members in Bath, England. St. Johns Middle School seventh grade student, Rebecca Whitley Shaver, wrote about women's roles and experiences in Jamestown.
Lansing home-schooled students, sixth grader Caleb LaPorte, and eighth grader Katie Lichte won in their grade divisions. Caleb won as a fifth grader in 2006, and went on to win the State of Michigan award for his grade last year.
All students read their essays and received their awards at the DAR meeting held in Okemos on Feb. 22. Nathaniel received a certificate and $25, while the younger students received the same, plus a bronze medal. The Columbus essay contest does not provide a medal. Their essays have been entered at the state level.
Ginny Davis, a DeWitt home-schooled student, received the award for Outstanding Work n American History. Ginny is an eleventh grader and received this recognition for an outstanding PowerPoint presentation she did for the Lansing DAR Chapter on American Women's fashions from colonial times to the present. She also did the calligraphy on the winners' certificates.
Tina Martzke, fifth grade teacher at Bath Elementary School, submitted over 40 entries, which included Marisa Hilts' essay. She was delighted that when her class later covered Jamestown in social studies, the students had retained much of the information they had written about, and were eager to learn more.
Past Regent of the Lansing Chapter, Lou Hixson of Bath, took special joy in the contest, as she is a descendent of Jamestown settler, Captain Thomas Graves from the Virginia Company of London who came to the colony in 1608.
The essay contest committee consisted of Kristen Davis and Joyce Shaw of DeWitt, and was chaired by Johanna Balzer of Bath. JoAnne Shahl of Haslett is the current Regent. The judges were from Detroit suburbs and Grand Ledge.
The Lansing Chapter of the DAR was organized in 1896. Membership is based on the ability to prove lineage back to an ancestor who served the American cause during the American Revolution.
— From the Daughters of the American Revolution |
posted by All About Home @ 2:48 AM   |
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| Tuesday, March 20, 2007 |
| Why we didn't send our children to school |
Earlier this week Education Editor Abbie Wightwick revealed that the Welsh Assembly Government may monitor home education more closely. Here parents tell her why they decided against sending their children to school. Western Mail
THE Welsh Assembly Government has announced that it may tighten up monitoring of parents who are home-educating their children.
But parents who teach their children at home say they are highly motivated and see no rea- son to change a system which works for them and their children.
Official figures obtained by the Western Mail earlier this week show at least 711 children in Wales are taught at home.
True figures may be far higher as parents do not have to inform the authorities that they are teaching their children at home.
Some parents who teach their children at home say they have 'no faith' in the school system and that their children were either never happy in it or they feared it would be the wrong environment for them.
Dee Yeoman, Powys organiser for home education campaign group, Education Otherwise, said different parents used different techniques, but all were highly motivated and had no reason to fail their children.
Dee and her husband, David, who live in Welshpool, opted for home education a few weeks after their daughter started school when she was five.
'It was a disaster,' said Dee, a former British Airways pilot.
'By half term she burst into tears and said she wanted to go home. So we brought her home.
'For a lot of people home educating is daunting. We had known about it before and felt we could do it.'
As a former pilot flying 747s all over the world, Dee has a background in science, and David, who runs his own IT business, is also maths and science-orientated.
'I know home educators who follow strict timetables of teaching between 9am and 3pm like school and those who use autonomy - teaching when the child wants to learn. There are also some who use a mixture of the two,' Dee said.
'Although you have a legal right to teach your children at home, you do need an educational philosophy, a list of resources and a framework for putting it into place.
'We don't teach the children, we facilitate them to learn. We use autonomous education which means we're child-led in everything we do. If they ask, we do it. Sometimes we're learning from 7.30am to 10.30pm.
'My daughter, who is now seven, asked to do maths at an incredibly early age. She was doing fractions, division and multiplication at the age of three, but then became less interested when she was four.'
Dee and David, who also have a five-year-old son, also believe that a broad-based curriculum is not always right for boys.
'Boys sometimes find it harder to multi-task and like to do one thing for longer time,' Dee said.
'Teachers in schools do a good job but the philosophy is wrong. You can't do what the child wants to do, when they want to do it, in a class of 20 to 30.
'What's good about sitting in a room with 30 individuals and not being allowed to talk and then being forced into a playground where you may be subjected to bullying?
'As you get older you may be exposed to drugs and forced to do work you are not interested in. Also it is hard to be motivated and self-reliant if your day is structured so much for you. 'We just felt the school system was a nasty environment.'
The couple make sure their children see friends of the same age often, and are in a network of other home educators who meet up to do sports like ice skating, swimming or other activities.
Kira and Martin Patefield-Smith teach their son Chap at home in Cradoc, near Brecon.
'The problem is that schools are not designed to be caring,' said Kira.
'We know parents who have pulled their children out of school because they're being bullied.
'We feel schools are not geared to helping children grow up to be happy and healthy, but to grow up and succeed in work. Work is important, but it's not all there is.
'Teachers don't always have time to be loving in schools. We didn't feel school was a nurturing environment.'
The couple use a combination of structured and child-led education for Chap, who will be six next month.
'He started reading very early,' Kira said.
'He has read James and The Giant Peach. He didn't understand the occasional word, but he could read most of it.'
Kira worked as a journalist in the United States before having Chap and Martin is a technical architect so they feel able to teach him literacy and numeracy and science skills up to a reasonably advanced level.
But Kira admitted there may come a time when they will need to consider school.
'If he had to go to school we would have to make sure it was a school we were happy with and we would have to ensure we nurtured him and that he tried it slowly.'
'Integration is inevitable'
Teachers are divided on whether home education is a good idea.
Geraint Davies of NASUWT and Dr Philip Dixon, director of the Association of Teachers and Lecturers Cymru, said children miss out on wide social interaction if they don't go to school.
Although home education might be best for some children, it was probably a minority, they said.
Mr Dixon said there was also concern that home-educated children found it hard to make the leap to college or university if they had never learned in a group before.
'I was talking to someone in a further education college who was teaching a pupil who had been home educated,' he said.
'The pupil was finding it a struggle to get used to more communal learning. They were 17 or 18.
'Going to college or university can be a shock for them. Some of these children can go off the rails when they get to college. I have seen cases of that.
'But many adapt very well. Young people are resilient and adaptable.
'Home educators have their children's best interests at heart, but they have a very narrow understanding of what education is. The best service they can give their children is to get them to socialise.
'At school children mingle with others from very different backgrounds. That's got to broaden their minds. Inevitably, you are going to have one perspective at home.'
Mr Davies agreed that schools were an important part of learning social skills.
'I believe parents home educate for the right reasons,' he said. 'But there are so many things school can contribute like participation sports and eisteddfodau. Social interaction is vital. It is as important as learning academic subjects.'
Both welcomed greater monitoring to ensure standards were good.
'At the end of the day it's all about standards,' Mr Davies said. 'We need the best educational standards at home and school. It depends on the child and the home, what level of education is being provided.
'I know that in some parts of Wales home-educated children do partake in activities and their parents link with other parents. That's obviously to be commended.'
He said most home educators he had been in contact with had continued through to the age of 16 to 18 but some gave up.
'If you're home-educated until seven or eight and then go to school, integration is not too much of a problem. But if you are home-educated until secondary school age, problems obviously can, and do, arise.
'There is always a stage in life when young people will have to face integration.'
What does the law say if you want to educate your child at home?
All parents have a legal right to educate their children at home.
They don't have to tell the authorities unless they remove their child from a state school in order to do so.
A third party can complain to the local education authority if they believe a child is not being home educated adequately. If this happens the LEA can make an informal visit and request to see learning plans.
In England some councils are threatening to ask children what they think of their home education to avoid possible future risk of legal action under the Children Act, if young people feel they received a poor education at home.
The Welsh Assembly Government said it has no plans to do this here, but may monitor home teaching more closely.
Last year it worked with local home educators to draw up guidelines on home education in Wales.
from http://icwales.icnetwork.co.uk |
posted by All About Home @ 2:40 AM   |
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| Monday, March 19, 2007 |
| A lot to consider in decision to home-school |
Aleksandra Padua of Holly Springs has home-schooled her two children, now 9 and 6, for two years. Her son had attended a public school for two years. She spoke recently with staff writer Marti Maguire.
Q: Why did you decide to home-school your children?
A: I had seen a change in my son. When he started kindergarten, he was so excited about school, and by the end of first grade, he was just burned out. He was not as interested in learning anymore. He didn't have the time to play that a 6-year-old likes to have. My husband and I also wanted to have more of an influence on him in the sense of training him in his character. I was feeling that whatever I was trying to instill in him was a little sabotaged. ... The other benefit is that I'm Polish and I'm able to teach him my language and incorporate that into my home-schooling.
Q: How did you decide?
A: I took a whole year to research and to go to conferences and to educate myself. I had a friend who had started homeschooling, and I really wanted to see what she was learning and learn from her. I have to say that the public school that my son went to had a lot of great teachers. In the school where he was, he was able to take Japanese, which I knew I couldn't teach him at home. So we had to look at the pros and cons and the advantages and disadvantages of both. I tried to talk to as many people as possible. I read books about home-schooling. I went to a conference that was held here in Raleigh. I didn't really jump into it, partly because I knew that there would be sacrifices. We are a one-income family. That's something you have to consider. I'm not earning money for my retirement at this point.
Q: What activities do your children do outside of the home?
A: My son plays hockey at IcePlex in Raleigh. We usually go skating at the Garner Ice House on Tuesdays and then another day. My son plays with a home-schooling group within the First LEGO League. ... We are part of a larger co-op called S.E.E.K. at Colonial Baptist Church in Cary. There are 150 families in that co-op. It's a two hour session. For example, I will teach one class, and the second hour I take a class for myself. There is some focus on the moms and encouraging them in their home-schooling endeavors. There are bible classes and such.
Q: How do you find materials?
A: There are different approaches and philosophies. You could do well with just your library card and museums and field trips. You can purchase curricula with outlines of each lesson. There are DVDs and CDs and computer classes where you have an electronic classroom setting. It's like making a dessert. You can go to the store and buy it, or you can get half of it made in a box, or you can just make it all yourself.
Q: What motivates your children to work without being graded?
A: Part of our motivation is to please God by doing your very best. This is the time of your life to study and to learn about the world around you, and that pleases God. That's something we talk about in our family, and that's one of our motivations. We don't have the stress of projects having to be turned in and tests looming. You can just enjoy studying. If I see something they're interested in, then I will change what we are doing and pursue it. I think that curiosity is something that my son is gaining back.
Q: How much time do you spend on home-schooling?
A: I've never counted the hours, but it does take planning, and it takes my efforts to plan to have set goals. I write down a log of what I do every day. I write down what we've accomplished, and that gives me an idea of what we need to cover in our next lessons. I'm constantly reading homeschooling books to use the wisdom that is out there. It's like mothering. If you're a mother, you're a full-time mother, no matter what else you do. Even when you're not teaching your kids, you're teaching them something.
by Marti Maguire, Staff Writer from http://www.newsobserver.com/102/story/550451.html |
posted by All About Home @ 3:49 AM   |
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| Sunday, March 18, 2007 |
| Day in the Life of a homeschooling family |
Family: Faith is 10, Mercy 8 and Hope 1. Tim, the dad, works at home.
7:30 a.m.::Wake up and start morning routine. Kids -- make beds, get dressed, make/eat breakfast, unload dishwasher, clean up breakfast dishes, brush teeth; Mom -- showers, brushes teeth, changes baby, eats breakfast, loads dishwasher, makes bottles, feeds baby.
8 a.m.: Kids --collect and sort all laundry.
8:15 a.m.: Mom --starts load of laundry
8:30 a.m.: Mom -- makes doctor appointment for baby and cleans kitchen counters and clears out refrigerator. Kids -- practice piano and keyboard then complete theory book assignments.
8:50 a.m.: Mom -- reads emails and news.
9:15 a.m.: Mom -- reviews with the girls long division from last week and answer questions; assigns word problems and more exercises; plays with the baby and reads her a book; focuses on new signs; chhanges out a load of laundry.
10 a.m: . Mom - calls her mother to work out childcare for the baby's doctor's appointment.
10:10 a.m.: Mom -- rotates out baby toys from those in storage.
10:12 a.m.: Mom -- chases girls back to math.
10:15 a.m.: Mom -- vacuums and cleans dining room
10:25 a.m.: Mom--- unloads towels, starts whites, finds out why baby is screaming, chases girls back to math.
10:45 a.m.: Kids- put away math, fold and put away towels and start handwriting. Mercy copies a poem and Faith starts a story. Mom - looks through freezer, decides to make Shepherd's Pie for dinner, starts thawing hamburger, turns on Rush Limbaugh while baby plays with the Tupperware all over the kitchen floor.
10:47 a.m. Mom - picks up baby, who is throwing a fit; changes diaper.
10:48 a.m.: Mom -- gets veggies for dinner out of pantry and fridge. Realizes we're out of potatoes and has Dad pick them up on his way home from lunch.
10:49 a.m.: Mom - looks at girls' handwriting in progress and point out things to focus on.
11:05 a.m.: Mom - plays with baby then changes her.
11:16 a.m.: Mom -- starts cooking pasta for lunch.
11:19 a.m.: Mom -- edits Faith's story, noting spelling errors and sentence fragments.
11:22 a.m.: Mom - finds out why baby is screaming at Mercy; chases baby out of forbidden cabinets and starst the girls on Deductive Logic assignments. They solve them by charting the information.
11:30 a.m. Mom - drains the pasta.
11:40 a.m. Kids -- finish chapter on analogy classifications.
11:55 a.m.: Mom-- finishes making pasta salad and everyone eats lunch.
12:05 p.m. Mom -- changesout loads of laundry. Kids-- put away laundry and unload dishwasher.
12:09 p.m.: Mom -- retrieves and soothes screaming baby who closed herself in the laundry room and laid down in front of the door.
12:15 p.m.:Faith -- looks up misspelled words in the dictionary then reads The Spartan by Snedeker while Mercy reads Junie B. Jones quietly. Mom- warmsa bottle for the baby and rocks her to sleep upstairs.
12:45 p.m.: Mom -- changes out loads of laundry. Girls --put away laundry.
12:55 p.m.: Mom -- reads aloud the last chapter from The Ancient Greece of Odysseus by Connolly and reads aloud the Ancient Greece by Nicholson and discuss.
1:45 p.m.: Mom - rocks the baby back to sleep and has the girls go solve logic puzzles from Zoombinis Logical Journey on their computers for about half an hour.
2 p.m. - Mom -- plans school for tomorrow, and looks over the girls' math assignments. Note how sloppiness led to a few errors. Discusses that with them tomorrow during math.
2:30 p.m.: Mom-- wakes and changes the baby. Plays with and reads to the baby.
3 p.m.: Mom- starts to chop onions and carrots, press garlic, slice potatoes and soak in salt water. Girls -- clean their bathroom upstairs, counters, tub, mirror, blinds, vacuum, mop, bring down rugs and towels for washing.
3:15 p.m.: Mom -- changes out loads of laundry, resumes veggie prep.
3:30 p.m. Mom -- warms bottle for the baby, cleans kitchen counters, loads dishwasher.
3:45 p.m. Mom -- checks e-mails and retrieves screaming baby who has climbed into her toy box and is stuck.
3:55 p.m.:Mom -- changes baby and reads her a book.
4:05 p.m. Mom -- inspects the bathroom and tells the girls what a great job they did. Have the girls put away cleaning supplies. Girls -- have free time to do what they like.
4:07 p.m.: Mom-- starts cleaning living room, puts toys away and vacuums.
4:10 p.m.: Mom - changes out loads of laundry. Girls - put away laundry.
4:20 p.m: Girls -- play with neighbor kid upstairs. Mom -- plays with baby.
5 p.m.: Mom -- starts cooking dinner while Tim plays with the baby. Browns ground beef, sets potatoes to boil, sautés veggies, makes reux, mashes potatoes and assembles Shepherd's pie.
5:30 p.m.: Mom- hangs out with my husband and the baby while Shepherd's Pie bakes.
6 p.m.: Nighbor kid goes home and girls set table. We eat dinner.
6:25 p.m.: Girls - clear the table.
6:40 p.m.: Mom -- More laundry loads.
6:45 p.m.: Girls -- unload dishwasher. Mom -- loads dinner dishes.
7 p.m.: Dad -- takes the kids to Village Inn for pie. Mom GETS TIME TO HERSELF while the children are awake!!!
8 p.m.: Dad and kids come home and he plays with them and they do their own thing.
8:30 p.m: Mom -- gives baby a bath and then give her a bottle while rocking her to sleep. Then cleans the bathroom. For an hour Dad reads aloud to the girls from Mary Emma and Company by Ralph Moody (part of the Little Britches Series.)
9:30 p.m.: Dad -- sends kids to bed. Mom -- comes in and tucks everyone into bed and listens to events of the day.
9:45 pm.: Mom -- puts away one more load of laundry.
10 p.m.: Mom --reads the Homeschool Court Report she got in the mail today. Dad is passed out in bed
11 p.m. Mom -- does her bedtime routine and goes to bed.
by Lisa Crews from http://www.azcentral.com |
posted by All About Home @ 4:28 PM   |
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| Saturday, March 17, 2007 |
| Learning As A Family Affair |
A small Christian school blends classroom time and home learning to involve parents.
PINELLAS PARK - To spend more time with her son, Debbie Kleinman volunteered at his school in Indian Rocks Beach. A lot.
"I was spending so much time there that I was never home, and then he'd come home and have an hour of homework, so that wasn't good, either," she said.
The Seminole mother wasn't ready to take the full plunge into homeschooling. Instead, she and her husband enrolled son Michael at Veritas Preparatory Academy, a small Christian school in Pinellas Park that combines traditional class time with supervised home study.
Veritas is what's called a University-Model School, based on a program that began in Arlington, Texas, in 1993. Ten states now have University-Model Schools, which aim to give parents the chance to be more involved in their child's education without the pressure of full-time homeschooling.
"As parents learn about this model of education, those that desire more time with their children and want to remain more influential in their children's lives will find this to be a great option," said Kira Wilson, principal of Veritas Preparatory Academy.
Students in grades K-12 attend classes two or three days a week on the Veritas campus at First Church of the Nazarene in Pinellas Park. On the other days, parents work with their children at home on assignments provided by academy teachers.
Since enrolling her son in 2005, Kleinman has come to love it. She has been able to spend more time with 11-year-old Michael, she said, and be confident that his academic and social needs are being met.
Several academy students said the things they like best about it were small class sizes and the ability to work at their own pace.
Garrett Crawford, 10, said it's not hard to get motivated to do his homework because once he's done, he can read, watch television or go outside and play. "It gives you more free time," he said.
The school opened in fall 2005 with 95 kids. It now has 145. Many academy students were homeschooled, but a good number have transferred from public and private schools, Wilson said.
The school, which is the only one like it in the state, draws students from across the region, Wilson said. The farthest student travels from Weeki Wachee.
Tuition is $1,800 per year for kindergarten through sixth grade and $2,500 for grades 7 and up. Parents also pay for books and a fee for afterschool activities like sports, art, dance, choir and yearbook.
Learn more School information For information on University-Model Schools, visit www.naums.net. For information on Veritas Preparatory Academy, visit www.veritasprepacademy.com or call the school at 548-6294. By RITA FARLOW |
posted by All About Home @ 6:27 PM   |
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| Thursday, March 08, 2007 |
| The Benefits of Home Schooling |
by Greg Lietz
In these present times, getting the best education for your children is of the utmost importance. The topic of student education is a controversial one as there are more than a few options available for the parent to plan the educational development of their children. It does not help that the public educational setting is often full of issue and debate over allocation of school funding, curricula choices and external influences. These things and others end up affecting a student's education, personal development and belief system.
As time has past, it has been taken for granted that getting a good education and nurturing the academic and interest path of many children is successfully accomplished by the institutionalized school systems of our states and cities.
For many, the public school systems have not met the needs of many parents and their children with respect to the academic educational standards expected by the proactive parent. This has resulted in a growing movement of parents taking the education of their children into their own hands. Home schooling continues to grow and to expand as more and more parents realize the many benefits and advantages of teaching at home.
Home schooling offers many benefits and advantages over traditional educational methods and systems offered through our public schools.
Home schooling allows the parent to select the exact lesson plan or curriculum the students will learn from based on what the parent thinks is best for the student, not the public school system. It is often found that many public schools teach students subjects that are academically irrelevant, not challenging, or that are really best left to the parent to teach.
Home schooling offers a control mechanism over this and allows for a way to tailor the student's education to specific interests and desires while continuing to provide a challenge level that will keep the student growing in terms of his or her learning abilities.
Home schooling offers flexibility of the educational process. Some students excel at some things but not at others. Home schooling a student of this nature would allow that student to excel where his or her strengths are while at the same time allowing that student to spend a little more in the development of the weaker areas.
Some students are gifted and do well with all subject matter they are being taught. For them, home schooling allows for the education process to be more challenging since a more academically challenging curriculum can be adopted. Gifted home schooled students are able to pursue their interests and development path without the time constraints or curriculum limitations that are present in the traditional learning environment.
There are many ways that home schooling can be accomplished today. Some parents opt for a structured curriculum while others use available textbooks. Some parents combine these things with their own teaching while others teach each lesson completely of their own resources. Knowing this, it is evident that this education process is completely flexible, can be specifically tailored to the student's needs and can be changed on the fly as student educational needs change.
Home schooling offers other indirect advantages as well. One of these might be more available time. Home schooling can be an efficient way to teach. The time you have during the day can be used efficiently, thereby reducing the overall time that the student actually spends at school. This efficient use of time results in more time to be spent on additional activities either related or unrelated to the student's education.
Home schooling allows for the parent to become the main mentor and source of guidance for a child. Since a home schooled child relates to the parent a lot more, the child and parent can form a tighter bond than they might otherwise form. This bond could be the foundation of a higher degree of trust between the child and parent where the child is more apt to come to the parent for help and guidance instead of turning elsewhere.
Home schooling can be an outlet for a special case where a child may have been a victim of excessive bullying at a regular public school. School bullying is a serious problem at some schools and is a hard issue to resolve. The home schooling of a child victimized in this way offers the child a way to re-focus on learning while at the same time being able to receive the close parental guidance needed to overcome how the child handles situations of this nature.
It is now known for a fact that home schooled students do well when it comes to college preparation. In general, home schooled students have performed equal to or better than public schooled students on SAT assessments. In addition, it is a fact that home schooled students have an equal success factor for doing well in college as their public schooled peers.
Home schooling is not for everyone. Each parent should carefully evaluate whether home schooling will benefit their particular situation or not. There are many considerations to be made when choosing to home school, but for many, home schooling has been a choice that has proven to be very beneficial to the student's exceptional education.
Greg Lietz is a freelance writer, internet businessman and also a long time home school parent. Visit www.home-schooling-info.com for home schooling resources, articles and information. |
posted by All About Home @ 7:53 PM   |
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| Sunday, March 04, 2007 |
| Playing an Active Role in Your Children's Homeschooling |
by Tuscan Brittney Homeschooling is an option that many parents make when they feel that, for whatever reason, their youngster will not be getting the best education in a community or private school system. Homeschooling allows for specific curriculum and teaching techniques to be applied that suit your child's individual needs - something that is unlikely to happen in a large classroom. One of the benefits - and also one of the difficulties - in homeschooling is the extreme amount of flexibility it affords. In order to homeschool successfully, it is important that you understand this.
While there are many benefits to homeschooling, it also requires discipline. In the same way that working from home can be tough, homeschooling can be difficult because it requires you create a separation between home and school while still remaining at home. Like almost everybody, there are going to be times in your family life when you are exceptionally busy or dealing with serious distractions. It can be inviting at these moments to try and multitask: that is, to both educate your children and deal with other aspects of your life. There can be a tendency among homeschooling parents to place an assignment in front of their children and then leave the room to engage in other activities.
If you do this you will seriously limit the value of your child's education. When homeschooling you should think about public and private school systems, and use them as a sort of benchmark. You should be trying to exceed, or at the very least match, the level of education your child would receive in one of these environments. Now, if you think about a public school classroom, you'll see that the teacher is always in the room. It is one of the most rudimentary rules of teaching -- even if the students have been assigned work to complete on their own in class time, the teacher remains in the room in order to assist the students.
You should also adhere to this concept. Children learn by example, in subtle ways that are not always within our control. If you assign your children work and leave to go do other things you are sending a message to them that the teaching is not of a highest priority for you. Even if they cannot articulate it, this negative message in terms of your priorities will affect the children's attitude towards their education.
When homeschooling your children, the hours that you spend teaching should be hours in which your children's schooling are the number one priority. Errands or other household duties should be left for "after-school" hours. When "school is in," you should be to. Of course, there will be many instances where you will be trying to get your children to learn how to work independently, but at these times you should still be physically available for questions or your children's need for support.
By always being present during your children's education you make them comprehend that their education is a serious thing, not simply something to occupy them while you take care of more crucial activities.
About The Author Tuscan Brittney Check out our comprehensive Home Schooling Resource site today - http://www.musthavestuff.ws/homeschooling/
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posted by All About Home @ 1:36 AM   |
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| Saturday, March 03, 2007 |
| Budget Home Schooling |
by Michael Russell
Home schooling can be a rewarding experience for the entire family. However, it can also be hard on your pocketbook. Frugal home schooling is becoming a popular term among most families living on limited income or for those wanting to cut back on expenses.
The internet is a valuable source that most families can't live without. From researching essay papers to curriculum, anything you need to search for is available online for free and right in the convenience of your own home. Online auctions are a great way to purchase used curriculum programs and books. A trip to your local library will probably fit most of your needs. Not only do you get to borrow books for free but it makes a fun family outing. Before heading off, make a list of the books and topics you need to borrow so you don't forget what's needed.
If you are a member of a home school group, suggest starting a swap meet or book sale of used curriculum and other teaching aids. This is a great way to buy good material for reasonable prices as well as selling some material you no longer use. Do you know someone that has a book or program you would like to use? If they're not using it, then ask them if they wouldn't mind you borrowing it. If you have a book or program that they could use, consider either trading or just borrowing from each other for a short time.
Look in your local paper for garage sales and yard sales that have books and craft supplies. Be creative while looking around, something you may not normally think about using could be perfect for a certain craft or science project.
Field trips can be a great change of pace when home school gets repetitive. Often museums are free or cost a minimal amount to tour. Some of your local businesses may be willing for a small group to tour their premises. This is a great way for children to see first hand how certain businesses are operated. Be sure to call them first to make arrangements.
Curriculum will be your most expensive part of home schooling and one of the most important. Before purchasing your curriculum consider the following: Does it fit your religious beliefs and your family's moral standards? Does it fit your teaching style as well as your children's learning style? Is the program designed to be used with multiple children or upcoming children? Will additional material need to be purchased for it to work with more then one child? Will it be become outdated in a year or two or will it last numerous years? Could you buy it used or substitute it with a similar but less expensive program? Is the program truly needed or could you get by without it? Check out curriculum review websites to see what works for other home school families. By finding out why or why not certain programs work for other families, it may help you decide if the program is right for your family. Home schooling can be budget friendly by taking the time to research programs and by buying only what programs your family actually needs.
About the Author : Michael Russell Your Independent guide to Home School |
posted by All About Home @ 11:37 PM   |
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| Friday, March 02, 2007 |
| The ABC's of Home Schools |
by Khieng Chho
There is no doubt as to how technology revolutionized the way people live today. Many things that were unthinkable in the past are now parts of reality. One of the things that proved difficult in the days gone by is the system of homes schools. Before, studying at home was a luxury that only the elite, rich people can afford. Hiring private tutors were the only possible means of doing education at home. But now with a more standardized system of education coupled with the many possibilities afforded by technology, learning from homes schools is very possible indeed.
The most crucial and critical part when engaging in homes schools is the decision to study at home. For many people, home education is education may rather be the only option especially for those who have physical disabilities or security issues. However, the option of studying at home is now extended to most anyone. Nevertheless, the decision to gain education from homes schools is a very difficult one to make, something that is to be taken seriously. The advantages of learning from regular schools with regular classmates and teachers are quite obvious. Bur for some, such benefits have to be given up for certain reasons. Before delving into home education one should first carefully think if it is the appropriate thing for one’s situation. It is important to weigh all pros and cons of studying at home before making the final choice whether to pursue it or not.
Once the decision to engage in homes study, it is then important to prepare one’s self for this endeavor. First the home where the education will take place should be carefully arranged and organized in a way that would make it conducive for studying and learning. Afterwards it is important to make the proper arrangements with the school that would be providing the education system at home. Not all schools are open for home education and it is thus important to source out different educational institutions in one’s area.
When the arrangements with the school has been made, it is then important to identify with that school to keep the student’s mind focused. A home student should feel as close as possible as to how a regular student would feel in the campus. This can be done by obtaining materials that are associated with schools, such as ID cards, school colors and emblems and the like. It is then also important to set up a schedule that should be followed by the home student strictly. It is usually beneficial to set the schedule in accordance to the schedule of the partner school, this way the home student would be synchronized with his or her peers. The record keeping system should also be prepared as this is very important in observing the home student’s progress.
Part of the preparation for homes schools is learning and understanding the laws that govern this type of education. Each state have their own detailed information for homes schools and it is necessary to learn these details. It is also important to choose a good curriculum for the home student to follow. It is best to consult partner schools regarding the current curriculum trends in one’s area, to ensure that the home student learns enough at least to get by.
Home schooling is a unique educational experience. It can be difficult for many, but if prepared very well, it can be a valuable mode of learning which can be comparable to regular schooling.
Khieng 'Ken' Chho - Online Home Schooling Resources. For more, visit Ken's website: http://homeschooling.1w3b.net/ |
posted by All About Home @ 1:41 AM   |
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| Thursday, March 01, 2007 |
| Seventeen Reasons To Homeschool Your Kids |
by Rudy Silva
Homeschooling was once a rare educational method. Today it is well known and an accepted way to education your kids.
Most parents thinking of homeschooling have a difficult time deciding whether to do it or not. The following is a list 17 reasons why other parents are homeschooling their kids. And, there is one important question you must answer correctly if you expect to succeed in homeschooling. This will be given to you at the end of this article.
- Private school is to expensive - Their children have problems learning in school or have a hard time getting along with other kids - They have special health needs - They are unhappy with the public school curriculum - They want their kids to have a better education - They enjoy homeschooling and being with their children - They don't want their kids to be badly influenced by other kid and learn their bad behaviors - They want their kids to learn the skills they need to succeed in life - They want their kids to receive an education that caters to their interests, ability level and aspirations - They move around, following husbands work, and this is a way to keep the family together - Their kids would get the individual attention they really needed - It gives the kids a chance to become who they really are by giving them more freedom to express themselves than public schools would allow. - The want to see their kid grow and turn into wonderful, capable, loving person. - They want a way of life that allows the whole family to be together - They feel they are releasing their kids to strangers to raise them and this is not what they want to do - Their own educational philosophy greatly differs with the public school education.
So how do you decide whether to homeschool or not. Well, you're going to need a lot of information. You need to learn about,
- academic research - legal homeschool rulings - homeschooling practicals - schooling materials - how much it will cost - how to evaluate what you are doing
One more important thing you will need to find out. You need to know what it feels like to homeschool your kids day in and day out.
Finally, the most important question you have to answer if you are planning to homeschool your kids is:
Do you really enjoy being and spending time with your kids? The question is, if you enjoy spending a lot of time with your kids every day. You must like being with your kids most of the time and if you don't then most likely, homeschooling is not for you.
About The Author Rudy Silva has a BA Physics degree and is a Natural Nutritional trainer, teaching people how to gain good health. For more tips and information about homeschooling and a special email course on homeschooling go to: http://www.for--you.com/homeschooling2. |
posted by All About Home @ 11:21 PM   |
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